Wayne Pinsent, CFA, has 10+ years as an investment professional. He has written numerous articles on various financial topics.
Updated June 29, 2022 Reviewed by Reviewed by Charlene RhinehartCharlene Rhinehart is a CPA , CFE, chair of an Illinois CPA Society committee, and has a degree in accounting and finance from DePaul University.
Part of the Series How to Value a CompanyIntroduction to Company Valuation
Fundamental Analysis Basics
Fundamental Analysis Tools and Methods
Valuing Non-Public Companies
Return on equity (ROE) is a closely-watched number among knowledgeable investors. It is a strong measure of how well a company's management creates value for its shareholders. The number can be misleading, however, as it is vulnerable to measures that increase its value while also making the stock riskier. Without a way of breaking down ROE components, investors could be duped into believing a company is a good investment when it's not. Read on to learn how to use DuPont analysis to break apart ROE and gain a much better understanding of where movements in ROE are coming from.
The beauty of ROE is that it is an important measure that only requires two numbers to compute: net income and shareholders' equity.
ROE = Net Income Shareholder Equity \begin &\text = \frac < \text> < \text> \\ \end ROE = Shareholder Equity Net Income
If this number goes up, it is generally a good sign for the company as it is showing that the rate of return on the shareholders' equity is rising. The problem is that this number can also increase simply when the company takes on more debt, thereby decreasing shareholder equity. This would increase the company's leverage, which could be a good thing, but it will also make the stock riskier.
A more in-depth knowledge of ROE is necessary to avoid mistaken assumptions. In the 1920s, the DuPont corporation created an analysis method that fills this need by breaking down ROE into a more complex equation. DuPont analysis shows the causes of shifts in the number.
There are two variants of DuPont analysis: the original three-step equation, and an extended five-step equation. The three-step equation breaks up ROE into three very important components:
ROE = NPM × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier where: NPM = Net profit margin, the measure of operating efficiency Asset Turnover = Measure of asset use efficiency Equity Multiplier = Measure of financial leverage \begin &\text = \text \times \text \times \text \\ &\textbf \\ &\text = \text \\ &\text \\ &\text = \text \\ &\text = \text \\ \end ROE = NPM × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier where: NPM = Net profit margin, the measure of operating efficiency Asset Turnover = Measure of asset use efficiency Equity Multiplier = Measure of financial leverage
Taking the ROE equation: ROE = net income / shareholder's equity and multiplying the equation by (sales / sales), we get:
ROE = Net Income Sales × Sales Shareholders’ Equity \begin &\text = \frac < \text> < \text> \times \frac < \text> < \text> \\ \end ROE = Sales Net Income × Shareholders’ Equity Sales
We now have ROE broken into two components: the first is net profit margin and the second is the equity turnover ratio. Now by multiplying in (assets / assets), we end up with the three-step DuPont identity:
ROE = Net Income Sales × Sales Assets × Assets Shareholders’ Equity \begin &\text = \frac < \text> < \text> \times \frac < \text> < \text> \times \frac < \text> < \text> \\ \end ROE = Sales Net Income × Assets Sales × Shareholders’ Equity Assets
This equation for ROE breaks it into three widely used and studied components:
ROE = NPM × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier \begin &\text = \text \times \text \times \text \\ \end ROE = NPM × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier
We have ROE broken down into net profit margin (how much profit the company gets out of its revenues), asset turnover (how effectively the company makes use of its assets) and equity multiplier (a measure of how much the company is leveraged). The usefulness should now be clearer.
If a company's ROE goes up due to an increase in the net profit margin or asset turnover, this is a very positive sign for the company. However, if the equity multiplier is the source of the rise, and the company was already appropriately leveraged, this is simply making things riskier. If the company is getting over-leveraged, the stock might deserve more of a discount despite the rise in ROE. The company could be under-leveraged as well. In this case, it could be positive and show that the company is managing itself better.
Even if a company's ROE has remained unchanged, examination in this way can be very helpful. Suppose a company releases numbers and ROE is unchanged. Examination with DuPont analysis could show that both net profit margin and asset turnover decreased, two negative signs for the company, and the only reason ROE stayed the same was a large increase in leverage. No matter what the initial situation of the company, this would be a bad sign.
The five-step, or extended, DuPont equation breaks down net profit margin further. From the three-step equation we saw that, in general, rises in the net profit margin, asset turnover and leverage will increase ROE. The five-step equation shows that increases in leverage don't always indicate an increase in ROE.
Since the numerator of the net profit margin is net income, this can be made into earnings before taxes (EBT) by multiplying the three-step equation by 1 minus the company's tax rate:
ROE = EBT S × S A × A E × ( 1 − TR ) where: EBT = Earnings before tax S = Sales A = Assets E = Equity TR = Tax rate \begin &\text = \frac < \text> < \text> \times \frac < \text> < \text> \times \frac < \text> < \text> \times ( 1 - \text ) \\ &\textbf \\ &\text = \text \\ &\text = \text \\ &\text = \text \\ &\text = \text \\ &\text = \text \\ \end ROE = S EBT × A S × E A × ( 1 − TR ) where: EBT = Earnings before tax S = Sales A = Assets E = Equity TR = Tax rate
We can break this down one more time since earnings before taxes is simply earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) minus the company's interest expense. So, if there is a substitution for the interest expense, we get:
ROE = ( EBIT S × S A − IE A ) × A E × ( 1 − TR ) where: IE = Interest expense \begin &\text = \left ( \frac < \text> < \text> \times \frac < \text> < \text> - \frac < \text> < \text> \right ) \times \frac < \text> < \text> \times ( 1 - \text ) \\ &\textbf \\ &\text = \text \\ \end ROE = ( S EBIT × A S − A IE ) × E A × ( 1 − TR ) where: IE = Interest expense
The practicality of this breakdown is not as clear as the three-step, but this identity provides us with:
ROE = ( OPM × AT − IER ) × EM × TRR where: OPM = Operating profit margin AT = Asset turnover IER = Interest expense rate EM = Equity multiplier TRR = Tax retention rate \begin &\text = ( \text \times \text - \text ) \times \text \times \text \\ &\textbf \\ &\text = \text \\ &\text = \text \\ &\text = \text \\ &\text = \text \\ &\text = \text \\ \end ROE = ( OPM × AT − IER ) × EM × TRR where: OPM = Operating profit margin AT = Asset turnover IER = Interest expense rate EM = Equity multiplier TRR = Tax retention rate
If the company has a high borrowing cost, its interest expenses on more debt could mute the positive effects of the leverage.
Both the three- and five-step equations provide a deeper understanding of a company's ROE by examining what is changing in a company rather than looking at one simple ratio. As always with financial statement ratios, they should be examined against the company's history and its competitors.
For example, when looking at two peer companies, one may have a lower ROE. With the five-step equation, you can see if this is lower because: creditors perceive the company as riskier and charge it higher interest, the company is poorly managed and has leverage that is too low, or the company has higher costs that decrease its operating profit margin. Identifying sources like these leads to better knowledge of the company and how it should be valued.
A simple calculation of ROE may be easy and tell quite a bit, but it does not provide the whole picture. If a company's ROE is lower than its peers, the three- or five-step identities can help show where the company is lagging. It can also shed light on how a company is lifting or propping up its ROE. DuPont analysis helps significantly broaden understanding of ROE.